But it's certainly true that Bach wouldn't have hesitated to make a version for strings if he had happened to need one, and the small (basically one instrument per part) ensemble Insieme Strumentale di Roma is not the first to perform the work this way. Part of what makes the piece so compelling is Bach's ingenuity in transferring details of Vivaldian string writing to the keyboard. The chief example of the latter is the album's title track, the "Concerto nach italienischem Gusto," better known as the Italian Concerto, BWV 971, and one of Bach's most familiar works for solo keyboard. In fact, all of them are arrangements, running from alternate versions that are generally agreed to have existed and to have been Bach's own originals of pieces better known in another form (the last two works on the program) to purely speculative hypotheses. 3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments (Feb., 1981), pp.Many listeners may be puzzled by the tracklist for this Italian release, containing previously unfamiliar concertos by J.S. The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period The influence of Rome’s musical contribution is found in modern R&B music today.Ĭitation: Found in JSTOR, the online database, through the AOK Library portal Some instruments, such as the hydraulis, exemplify Roman technical innovation. This is exemplified in instances like the tibiae used in sacrificial rites, the cymbalum used as a baptismal tool, or the metal wind instruments used in the military arena. The musical instruments served purposes in all aspects of Roman daily life. However, the fragments of instruments found along with these illustrations depict an impressive array of Roman musical culture. A final discovery of note from this excavation was a series of hand bells and earthenware rattles resembling birds.Ī number of instruments noted belong exclusively in a setting of mythical art and religious worship. Clapper-cymbals are one of the most relevant instruments of Roman heritage they are still used in modern jazz. Cymbalum are paired instruments that served religious purposes along with the tympanum. Cymbalum resemble modern cymbals with a bowl shape and a diameter of roughly 180mm. The tympanum, flat tambourine, and the crotala clappers are distinctly portrayed in Roman art. This stringed instrument could be used in funeral music, sacrificial offerings, the theatre, for dancing, or in concerts. This instrument could be either plucked or played with a plectrum. The cithara’s two arms were linked by a yoke from which the strings ran to a resonator. Cithara and lyra existed as interchangeable names for the instrument during this time. The cithara is another adaption from Greek and Etruscan culture. They were used as a shepherd’s tool as well as in pantomimes. The fistula consists of several tube pieces of different lengths side by side with one tube significantly shorter than the rest. The hydraulis required pneumatic pressure produced by a water pump to generate sound. It was used in amphitheatres, theatres, and in the household. The hydraulis, a hydraulic organ, exists as one of the most significant achievements in the musical craftsmanship of antiquity. Tibiae were used in sacrificial offerings, funeral rites, and in the theatre. Its tonal quality may have resembled modern bagpipes. The tibia, a double shawm with double reeds adapted from the Greek aulos, is considered a national instrument of Ancient Rome. Their compact form must have been more ideal for the cavalry than the tuba and cornu. The bucina was initially an instrument of the shepherd but would later be incorporated into a military context. The lituus is a hook-belled wind instrument adapted from the Etruscans and used for funeral ceremonies as well as for signaling military instructions, especially for cavalry. The hoop-like cornu was used in funeral processions, sacrificial processions, and to communicate military procedures. Roman instruments cannot simply be referred to as ‘brass instruments’ in this era because of the development of new alloys which would be used to improve instruments as they became available. The following instruments were found in a recent archaeological excavation in Germany and are believed to be from a period during Julius Caesar’s reign over Gaul (58-51B.C.) It belonged as much in the arts as it did in rural life, political campaigns, and religious rituals. Music was deeply intertwined in many aspects of Ancient Roman culture.
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